The Ways of Science


jim tucker

June 21st, 2010

Chemistry is a discipline that underpins many others. It has a vital role to play, says Jim Tucker, Reader in Supramolecular Chemistry at the University of Birmingham, in the synthesis and study of new materials, drugs and therapies, energy conversion and storage, solar energy and diagnostics for human health . . .

Dr Tucker studied for his BSc and PhD in Chemistry at Kings College, London. After post-doc work in Japan and France, he was Lecturer in Inorganic Chemistry at Exeter before moving in 2005 to his present position at Birmingham University where he is Reader in Supramolecular Chemistry and currently holds an EPSRC Leadership Fellowship.

ann vernallis

June 21st, 2010

Dr Ann Vernallis studies small proteins called cytokines. Although most people will never have heard of them, abnormal increases or decreases in cytokine levels are associated with a variety of diseases. Researchers have been interested in them for years; medical interest really took off when anti-TNF (tumour necrosis factor) treatment was developed for rheumatoid arthritis — an example of the beneficial interplay of basic and clinical sciences.

Dr Ann Vernallis is a Lecturer in the School of Life and Health Sciences at the University of Aston. She’s interested in cell signalling. As a post-doctoral fellow, she studied cytokine receptor interactions in the IL-6 family. At Aston, she’s studied the secretion of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), the pro-inflammatory activities of lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria and cytokine levels in patients with infections. She’s currently working on the anti-inflammatory effects of tetracyclines, and she collaborates on studies of neuron/astrocyte interactions in a neuronal stem cell model.

graham anderson

June 21st, 2010

Just how do your cells know what’s particularly you and what’s not-you? How, for all of us, do our cells discriminate between self and non-self?

Or, to put it into the more formal language of immunologists, what is the spectrum of antigens recognised by the peripheral T-cell population?

Such is the important work of Professor Graham Anderson in the School of Immunity and Infection at the University of Birmingham. And it’s complex work, requiring the input from a variety of disciplines, and from clinicians as well as pure researchers — Professor Anderson, for example, monitors how designer organs function in an in vivo setting.

In The New Optimists, Professor Anderson makes the point that it’s this very sociability of science and scientists that leads to a sharing of ideas, a key driver in developing scientific understanding.

elizabeth oliver-jones

June 21st, 2010

The case for blue skies research is made passionately by Elizabeth Oliver-Jones in The New Optimists, and with due cause. Her particular research focuses around the study of early cell interactions in amphibians, about the little-known molecular mechanisms by which vertebrate embryos achieve the myriad complex patterns and cell types found in the adult animal.

Such work may seem a far cry from most of our lives, perhaps something even for the politician’s knife. But (and this is a big BUT), such seemingly esoteric research by Professor Oliver-Jones and other scientists on the Xenopus (a type of aquatic frog native to sub-Saharan Africa) has established gene expression and function in a number of human diseases such as colorectal cancer, and has also provided biochemical insight into important oncogenes. Indeed, her work on amphibians is important in understanding cell signalling, and in the relationships between genes and development in many other living organisms including ourselves.

Elizabeth Oliver-Jones is a Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Warwick. Her work is funded by the BBRSC and the Wellcome Trust, including £1.5M from the Wellcome Trust for a Xenopus Stock Centre, 2006-2011 with Dr Matt Guile at the University of Portsmouth.

deirdre kelly

June 21st, 2010

Difficult, complex operations such as liver transplantation have not only become safe but routine as a result of a combination of blue sky scientific research and clinical science. As a Director of the National Liver Unit at Birmingham Children’s Hospital and Professor of Paediatric Heptology at the University of Birmingham, Deirdre Kelly is at the centre of such world-class translational medicine.

In The New Optimists, she also makes the point that complex questions about the mechanisms of the disease and any genetic basis of disease demands sophisticated collaborations between experts to maximise success.

Professor Kelly is a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin. She has trained in both adult and paediatric gastroenterology and hepatology. She set up the Paediatric Liver Unit at Birmingham Children’s Hospital which provides a national and international service for children with liver failure and undergoing liver transplantation, transforming survival and outcome for these children. Until 2008, the Unit was the only national unit to be designated for small bowel and liver transplantation in the UK.

She runs an active research programme focussing on viral hepatitis in children, molecular biology and genetics of inherited liver disease, quality and outcome of life following liver and/or intestinal transplantation. 
She is a Commissioner on the Care Quality Commission (2008-).  She is currently President of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).  She was Chairman of the Lunar Society (2007-2009).

She is also Editor of Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System in Children, 3rd edition (2008) Wiley-Blackwell.

helen maddock

June 21st, 2010

There are many perspectives on the relationship between blue skies research and its application, perhaps none more important than the potential of what’s known as ‘translational medicine’.

Dr Helen Maddock‘s work is in this important ‘translation’ — and crosses disciplinary boundaries. For example, she’s currently investigating drug-related cardiovascular complications with biomechanical, quantitative pharmacological and biomedical techniques, and collaborating with cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons to study how a heart attack results in injury or death of the heart muscle.

Dr Helen Maddock is Principal Lecturer in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pharmacology at Coventry University, and is Editor of the British Society for Cardiovascular Research Journal Bulletin. She’s worked for AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline as well as undertaking research at UCL’s Hatter Institute and Centre for Cardiology. Her current research includes investigating the role of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in myocardial stress, and also the development of novel therapies for the treatment of diseases related to the cardiovascular system.

david jones

June 10th, 2010

Professor David Jones‘ interest in muscle fatigue began some thirty years ago. But it was only a few years ago, he realised that most of what he believed about it was actually wrong — and a new understanding was made. Scientists, after all, change their minds in the face of new evidence.

In his Introduction to The New Optimists, editor Keith Richards uses David’s essay — which appears in Chapter 9: From where I stand — as an exemplar of what drives scientists:

“In his entertaining contribution, David Jones explains how his work on muscle fatigue followed a particular line of enquiry for 30 years, but ‘always with a slight nagging doubt’. Then a series of experiments revealed to him that he and his colleagues had been fundamentally wrong for all that time. Writing off 30 years work would plunge most mortals into deep denial or drive them into the arms of a convenient therapist, but David is a scientist — he became very excited!”

Professor Jones’ interest in muscle fatigue started when he was working at the Postgraduate Medical Centre at Hammersmith some thirty years ago, after he’d studied Medical Biochemistry as an undergraduate at the University of Birmingham, and obtained a PhD from the Institute of Psychiatry in London.

Today, with Emeritus Professorships at both the University of Birmingham and Manchester Metropolitan University, his current research interests are fatigue during exercise (with applications for both improving athletic performance and helping patients with exercise intolerance) and the stimulus for muscle growth. He also has an interest in the genetic basis for differences in the response in training between subjects.